In the present work, for the first time, mixed convection heat transfer of nanofluid in a uniform magnetic field inside a LID-DRIVEN K-shaped CAVITY is simulated via lattice Boltzmann method. Both left and right walls are maintained at constant cold temperature. The bottom-horizontal wall is maintained at constant hot temperature. Temperature on the top-horizontal wall is varied linearly. All quantities of both flow and temperature field are calculated by flow and temperature distribution functions. The effects of different parameters such as Reynolds number (50-200), Hartman number (0-60), aspect ratio of the K-shaped CAVITY (0. 4-1), nanoparticle volume fraction (0-0. 05) on mixed convective heat transfer are investigated. The obtained result show that for a fixed Hartman number, increase in aspect ratio and Reynolds number causes increase in heat transfer. Also in a fixed Reynolds number and aspect ratio, increasing of Hartman number decreases velocity of flow and heat transfer. In addition, changing solid volume fraction can affect heat transfer directly.

Chest tubes are placed in many thoracic operations. Patients are frequently concerned for the chest tubes as they cause too much pain, prolonged hospital stay and restrict patient ambulation. Chest tube insertion in many cases is an important part of surgery and sometimes is the principal operation. There are few prospective studies describing the best method of chest tube insertion address to questions such as; appropriate size of tube, best time for removal, suitable place of insertion and also suction policy and care of chest tube. Most surgeons apply different policies based on which place they have been trained. Questions related to pleural space, negative pressure of pleural CAVITY, rules of pleural CAVITY drainage, special manner of chest tube operation and causes of air leakage are ambiguous for many physicians, nurses and other persons who take care of patients. In this review we try to consider clinical problems in detail and find answers based on literature review and our experiences.

The flow field which results from an expansion wave entering a CAVITY from an upstream tube, and the focusing effect which occurs, is investigated. Different CAVITY geometries, different expansion wave pressure ratios and different expansion wave widths are explored. As the expansion wave propagates into the CAVITY it induces flow in the opposite direction and back down the walls. The flow experiences compression as it flows out back into the tube because of the concave surface of the CAVITY it encounters. This can result in the formation of shock waves which can propagate back up into the CAVITY. Very low pressure and temperature regions can develop because of the focusing action of the expansion. A convenient way of generating an expansion wave numerically and/or experimentally is in a shock tube. This consists of a tube divided into two compartments, one at high pressure and one at low pressure separated by a frangible diaphragm. On bursting the diaphragm, a shock wave travels in one direction and an expansion in the other towards the CAVITY. Whilst ideal boundary conditions can be imposed in numerical simulation laboratory experiments are complicated by the diaphragm being curved and having a finite opening time. The effect of an initially curved diaphragm is briefly considered. The expansion wave pressure ratio was altered by changing the initial pressure ratio across the diaphragm. For an initially high pressure ratio, supersonic flow can occur behind the trailing edge of the expansion wave which has a marked influence on the flow. The width of the wave is dependent on the distance of the diaphragm from the CAVITY and also has a significant influence on the flow. As the width of the wave increases and the density gradient decreases, focusing effects becomes significantly weaker. Correspondence between experiment and simulation is examined.

Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) accounts for 5% of all oral  malignancies. It is a rareaggressive neoplasm usually found on the hard palate and gingiva. The etiology is unknown, but tobacco and chronic irritation are suggested as probable causative factors. Over 30% of the cases have been reported to arise from pre-existing pigmented lesions. A biopsy is required to establish the diagnosis and the treatment of choice is surgery which may be affected by several factors such as size of the lesion and anatomic location. Despite aggressive resection and  djuvant treatments such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the five-year survival rate of this malignancy is poor.